Chapter 1 Hardware For Internet Access
A. History of Internet
The concept of data communication - transmitting data between two different places, connected via some kind of electromagnetic medium, such as radio or a electrical wire - actually predates the introduction of the first computers. Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices. Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication. The earlier computers used the technology available at the time to allow communication between the central processing unit and remote terminals. As the technology evolved new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances (for terminals) or with higher speed (for interconnection of local devices) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model. Using these technologies it was possible to exchange data (such as files) between remote computers.
However, the point to point communication model was limited, as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems; a physical link was necessary. The technology was also deemed as inherently unsafe for strategic and military use, because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack.
As a response, several research programs started to explore and articulate principles of communications between physically separate systems, leading to the development of the packet switching model of digital networking. These research efforts included those of the laboratories of Vinton G. Cerf at Stanford University, Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RAND Corporation), and Leonard Kleinrock at MIT and at UCLA. The research led to the development of several packet-switched networking solutions in the late 1960s and 1970s, including ARPANET, Telenet, and the X.25 protocols. Additionally, public access and hobbyist networking systems grew in popularity, including unix-to-unix copy (UUCP) and FidoNet.
They were however still disjointed separate networks, served only by limited
gateways between networks. This led to the application of packet switching to develop a protocol for internetworking, where multiple different networks could be joined together into a super-framework of networks. By defining a simple common network system, the
Internet Protocol Suite, the concept of the network could be separated from its physical implementation. This spread of internetworking began to form into the idea of a global network that would be called the
Internet, based on standardized protocols officially implemented in 1982. Adoption and interconnection occurred quickly across the advanced telecommunication networks of the western world, and then began to penetrate into the rest of the world as it became the de-facto international standard for the global network. However, the disparity of growth between advanced nations and the third-world countries led to a
digital divide that is still a concern today.
Following commercialization and introduction of privately run
Internet service providers in the 1980s, and the Internet's expansion for popular use in the 1990s, the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce. This includes the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail (
e-mail), text based discussion forums, and the
World Wide Web. Investor speculation in new markets provided by these innovations would also lead to the inflation and subsequent collapse of the
Dot-com bubble. But despite this, the Internet continues to grow, driven by commerce, greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking known as Web 2.0.
B. Hardware and Functions for Internet Access
Various Kinds of Hardware and Functions What is needed or Notebook Computer For Accessing the Internet:
1. MODEM (MODULATION DEMOLATOR)
2. ETHERNET CARD LAN CARD OR
3. HUB OR SWITCH
4. ROUTER
1. MODEM
The function of a modem is to change the digital data from the electrical or electronic waves and vice
versa.The types of modems based on several categories:
A. Based on the location of the CPU computer, a modem is divided into two, namely:
1. internal modem
2. external modem
B. Based on how the connection with your ISP, the modem is divided into two, namely:
1. wireline modem or wired : use the media cable modem to connect to your ISP
2. wireless modem : modems that use wireless media (electronic wave) to connect to your ISP
C. Based on the ISP (Internet Service Provider) being used or ISP technology is used, the type of modem can be divided into several types, among others:
1. adsl modem
2. dsl modem
3. cdma modem
4. gsm modem
5. dial up modem
2. ETHERNET CARD or LAN CARD
Lan Card (network card) serves as a means of connecting a computer with a computer network or connecting a computer with adsl and dsl modem types.
3. HUB or SWITCH
Function switches connect two or more computers. Switch is required, if you want to do internet sharing.
4. ROUTER
Router has the same function as switches, but more intelligent. Advantages compared Switch Router is a function of its routing and gateway. Routing function allows you to choose the best routes in the network, while the gateway is functioning as a server computer.
At the present time there have been some type of modem that also has the function as a router, gateway or switch. So when we want to do internet sharing to multiple computers enough to buy a modem model.
Minimum requirements or notebook computer used to access computer
-Pentium III 500 Mhz Processor
-64 MB Ram
-4 MB VGA Card
-Sound Card and Speakers
-CD ROM
-10 GB hard drive
-CRT SVGA Monitor
C. Domain Name System
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the "phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.32.10 (IPv4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).
The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of Internet users in a meaningful way, independent of each user's physical location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) or 2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). People take advantage of this when they recite meaningful URLs and e-mail addresses without having to know how the machine will actually locate them.
The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated.
In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the Internet. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP).
D. Internet In Local Network
o Network Interface Card (NIC), which represents a network interface card connecting devices are installed
on every computer. Currently the PC has a NIC that is called with onboard LAN card. Network cards
used are: Ethernet cards, and token ring localtalk card connector
o Hub / Concentrator, serves to unite the network cables from each computer clients, servers and other
devices.
o Cable, serves to connect one computer to another computer.
o The connector is used to create a network RJ-45 connectors
o Router, serves to connect the LAN to the Internet network in the transmission route between the two.
E. Internet Regulatory Agency
Internet as one of technology, there will probably be able to walk by itself if there is no governing body. Internet regulatory agencies are nonprofit organizations that can be followed by anyone as a member. Following the hierarchy of the governing body of the Internet:
1. Internet Society (ISOC) is the most top organization that serves to promote Internet-protocol and approved the protocol to be used as a standard protocol on the Internet and is responsible in internetworking technology and its applications. ISOC was founded in 1992 which was led by Vinton G. Cerf (inventor of the concept of TCP / IP and Father of the Internet). More information about this can be obtained on the ISOC website www.isoc.org
2. Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is an advisory body to ISOC in deciding a standard that will apply on the Internet. The full information can be obtained at www.iab.org
3. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a unit under the IAB is responsible for managing the problem IP Address, DNS, and the registration protocol and other applicable numbering on IP. IANA also delegate some authority to the several units of the underlying work, such as the Internic, ICANN, APNIC, ARIN and others. You can visit their website at the address www.iana.org
4. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) is a unit which is under a duty to pass IAB studies of Internet protocols, applications, architecture and Internet technology for both the short and long term and to promote the results of these studies. Please visit their website at the address www.irtf.org
Chapter 2 Prosedure For Internet Accsess And Localhost
A. Internet Service Provider
ISPs are organizations that offer access to the Internet, typically fee-based. If you use a dial-up modem to connect to your ISP, a point-to-point protocol (PPP) connection is established with another modem on the ISP's end. That modem connects to one of the ISP's routers, which routes you to the Internet "backbone." From there, you can access information from anywhere around the world. DSL and cable modems work the same way, except after you connect the first time, you are always connected.
B. Setting Modem Dial-Up
The first step to do is install a modem Internet connection. Modem is an intermediary device between your computer with the phone line to connect with your ISP (Internet Service Provider - Internet service provider) you.
1. Click Start, choose Settings, choose Control Panel. So the Control Panel window will appear.
2. In Windows Control Panel, select the Modems icon and double click so that Install New Modem
window appears (for those who never ate before installing the modem Modem Properties window will
appear. If you want to add a new modem driver, click Add).
Windows can perform automatic detection of modem devices have been installed on your PC, but it is limited to a modem that has been recognized by Windows. If you choose the automatic detection, then clear the box Do not detect my modem, and press Next. If you have a new type of modem driver files and accompanied (in floppy / CD-ROM), should you choose manual detection so it can take advantage of the latest features of the modem (eg ability to support 56 kbps, fax, voice, etc.). For that select the Do not detect my modem, and press Next.
3. On the next menu displayed a list of modems that have been identified and are available by the
Windows driver. Select the appropriate modem type with your modem, then press Next.
If you do not have a driver file, then you can select the Standard Modem type, for example the speed of 28 800 bps, then press Next and then you can directly go to step 5. If you have a driver file (diskette / CD-ROM) provided by the manufacturer, then plug the floppy / CD-ROM, and press the Have Disk button.
4. On the next menu of the Install From Disk window appears. Insert the diskette / CD-ROM that contains your modem driver file, select the appropriate dirive (A: \ or choose the CDROM, another location using the Browse menu).
5. If the driver files successfully on the take, it will appear the window of the driver (in this example, V90 modem drivers K56Flex DATA & VOICE-FAX-Modem, which has the ability s / d 56 kbps). Select the appropriate driver (if more than one), then press Next.
6. Once completed, then you must specify the communication port (COM) where the modem is installed. For example, COM1 port is selected because it is usually a modem connected on that port (unless used for other media). Then press Next.
At this stage, if done correctly, then the modem will be installed on your PC. Click Finish to end setup your modem. To conduct an internet connection, you must perform a dial-up settings to specify the ISP's phone number that provides Internet access. How to make a dial-up settings can be viewed on this page.
Having completed this stage, you can dial up setting.
C. Setting Connection to ISP
1. Open Network Connections
2. Under Network Tasks, click Create a new connection, and then click Next.
3. Click Connect to the Internet, and then click Next.
4. Choose one of the following:
• If you already have an account with an Internet service provider (ISP), click Set up my connection manually and then click Next.
• If you have a CD from an ISP, click Use the CD I got from an ISP and then click Next.
If you do not have an Internet account, click Choose from a list of Internet service providers (ISPs) and then click Next.
• If you do not have an Internet account, click Choose from a list of Internet service providers (ISPs) and then click Next.
5. From your choice above, click one of the following:
Set up my connection manually
• If you are connecting to your ISP using a standard 28.8 Kbps, 56 Kbps, or ISDN modem, click Connect using a dial-up modem, click Next, and follow the instructions in the wizard.
• If your DSL or cable modem ISP connection requires a user name and password, click Connect using a broadband modem that requires a user name and password, click Next, and then follow the instructions in the wizard.
• If your DSL or cable modem ISP connection is always on and does not require you to type a user name and password, click Connect using a broadband connection that is always on, click Next, and then click Finish.
Use the CD I got from an ISP
• Click Next, and then click Finish. Insert the CD provided by your ISP and follow the instructions.
Choose from a list of Internet service providers (ISPs)
• To create an Internet account using MSN Explorer, click Setup Internet access using MSN Explorer (U.S. only), and then click Finish. Follow the instructions in MSN Explorer.
• To choose an ISP, click Select from a list of ISPs, click Next, and then click Refer me to more Internet service providers. In the Internet Connection Wizard, click Create a new Internet account, click Next, and then follow the instructions in the wizard.
